descriptive representation pros and cons

Part of Springer Nature. 7. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. 4. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Voet, R. (1992). The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . (1995). Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Nussbaum, M. (1999). I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Feminizing politics. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. 1. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. 9. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Clem Morfuni Companies House, 914, Excellenica, Lodha Supremus-2, Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Holst, C. (2014). Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. (2001). Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. What are the pros and cons of descriptive research? Your email address will not be published. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. Problems of Descriptive Representation in Dutch Works Councils Cons. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Descriptive Approach Vs. Prescriptive Approach - The Classroom The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. The Pros and Cons of Pros-and-Cons Lists - Harvard Business Review Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Minow, M. (1991). One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Citing Literature. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. (2005). suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Advantage. Poli 220 Mid Term II Review Flashcards | Quizlet Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. Goodin, R. 2004. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. Strengths & Weaknesses of Descriptive Research - Synonym The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - SpringerLink This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. . Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Cambridge: Polity Press. By making the decision-making process more . The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). Towards a European union gender equality index. Representing Diversity. Quantitativist. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. [Solved] pros/cons of descriptive measures | Course Hero The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Swift, A. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Social representation. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Descriptive Representation in Election Administration However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Your email address will not be published. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. ), Redistribution or recognition? Fortunes of feminism. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Signs, 19(3), 713738. 518). In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. 5 No. A contingent yes. There isnt enough research on the subject, with our world Under PR fewer votes are wasted as more peoples preferences are taken into account. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. both quantitative and qualitative research. Difference Between Descriptive and Substantive Representation The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Showing Comparison with Pros and Cons PowerPoint Diagrams Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. In Y. Galligan (Ed. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Institutionalizing intersectionality. Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Democracy and disagreement. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Descriptive Representation, Legislative Leadership, and Direct - JSTOR In our current system, voters are given one vote to . The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Descriptive vs Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics | Key Differences Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Martin, J. R. (1994). A table lists data in columns. Volume 52, Issue 3. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. This essay will proceed as follows. The politics of presence. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). PDF Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. Olsen, J. P. (2013). State feminism and political representation. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Advantages of Descriptive Research. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? Mansbridge, J. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Emerald: Bingley. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Why democracy? References. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. descriptive representation pros and cons - chemtechspeciality.com In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . Previous Figure Next Figure. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. See below. (DOC) Discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. 1. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. A theory of justice. "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Equality of opportunity. (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. - 136.243.94.45. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. (1998). She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Pros of Representative Democracy. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pros and Cons of Data Visualization Explained | WisdomPlexus The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. The current reservation system keeps 13% of vacancies in government sector reserved for SC, 7.5 % for ST and 27.5% for OBC. Swain, C. M. (1993). Disadvantages of proportional representation. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. in or register, For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. Purpose. 14 Crucial Pros and Cons of Representative Democracy (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Christiano, T. (2012). Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Young, I. M. (1990). Descriptive Representation and Political Efficacy: Evidence from Obama Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. Caption. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. Pros and Cons of Proportional Representation These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Bicameral Legislature Pros and Cons List | NYLN.org An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Tannen, D. (1994). This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? Peter, F. (2011). 2. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. Phillips, A. A political-philosophical exchange. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Substantive and Descriptive Representation in Swiss Cantons To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. therefore, it is used by various industries In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. . Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district.

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