scottish vs irish facial features

Epigenomics 10, 2742. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 674685. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2001.040303.x, Carson, E. A. Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants. 16, 146160. Am. Commun. With increased sample sizes, improved understanding of shared genetic influences on human traits and advancement in techniques there is likely to be significant further progress in the next 6 years. 131, 169180. J. Orthod. Over the last 6 years there has been significant progress with 9 published GWAS which have identified over 50 loci associated with facial traits (Liu et al., 2012; Paternoster et al., 2012; Adhikari et al., 2016; Cole et al., 2016; Shaffer et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017; Cha et al., 2018; Claes et al., 2018; Crouch et al., 2018). PLoS One 10:e0118355. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00386.x, Marcucio, R., Hallgrimsson, B., and Young, N. M. (2015). There is evidence that nsCL/P genetic risk variants have an additive effect on philtrum width across the general population. 9:462. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00462. Anat. The Alpine race is a reduced Upper Palaeolithic survivor; Alpines are as a rule of but medium stature, and lateral in bodily build; their heads of moderate size and globu- lar; their faces characteristically round and their facial features slightly infantile. The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. Understanding the face will explain why we look the way we do a range of normality and abnormality that will be useful in healthcare applications and forensic science. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005, Pound, N., Lawson, D. W., Toma, A. M., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2014). Oral Pathol. Genet. (2015). Biomed. doi: 10.2217/epi-2017-0081, Kim, J. J., Lee, H. I., Park, T., Kim, K., Lee, J. E., Cho, N. H., et al. 45, 414419. J. Hum. Evaluating LINE-1 methylation in cleft lip tissues and its association with early pregnancy exposures. 13:e1006616. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572, Schmidt, E., and Kornfeld, J. W. (2016). (2014). Oral Radiol. The FaceBase consortium: a comprehensive resource for craniofacial researchers. The old and new face of craniofacial research: How animal models inform human craniofacial genetic and clinical data. (2010). 18, 549555. Statistical power and significance testing in large-scalegenetic studies. Expanding the cleft phenotype: the dental characteristics of unaffected parents of Australian children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. Contrastingly, previous estimates suggest that antero-posterior face height, mandibular body length, ramus height, upper vermillion height, nasal width and maxillary protrusion are more strongly influenced by environmental factors (Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2016; Sidlauskas et al., 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). Mind the gap: genetic manipulation of basicranial growth within synchondroses modulates calvarial and facial shape in mice through epigenetic interactions. Sci. J. Anat. In Irish, the response to slinte is slinte agatsa, which translates "to your health as well". 115, 5173. Hammond, P., and Suttie, M. (2012). Proc. doi: 10.1038/ng.3211, Carels, C., Van Cauwenberghe, N., Savoye, I., Willems, G., Loos, R., Derom, C., et al. doi: 10.1126/science.aag0776, Fink, B., and Penton-Voak, I. 234, 103110. Sharp, G. C., Arathimos, R., Reese, S. E., Page, C. M., Felix, J., Kpers, L. K., et al. (2014). Genet. Proc. Richmond, S. A., Ali, A. M., Beldi, L., Chong, Y. T., Cronin, A., Djordjevic, J., et al. Dev. Genet. WebThese are the major differences between an Irish and a Scottish accent. doi: 10.1007/s41095-017-0097-1, Adhikari, K., Fontanil, T., Cal, S., Mendoza-Revilla, J., Fuentes-Guajardo, M., Chacn-Duque, J.-C., et al. Craniofac. Twin studies have indicated that facial shape is mainly due to genetic influences (75%) although the percentage variance explained in GWAS studies is extremely low generally explaining less than 2% of the total variance. bioRxiv. Molecular studies have shown that the growth, structure and patternation of the facial primordia is controlled by a series of complex interactions that involves many factors such as fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog proteins, bone morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes Barx1 and Msx1, the distal-less homeobox (Dlx) genes, and local retinoic acid gradients (Barlow et al., 1999; Hu and Helms, 1999; Lee et al., 2001; Ashique et al., 2002; Mossey et al., 2009; Marcucio et al., 2015; Parsons et al., 2015). Exploring the underlying genetics of craniofacial morphology through various sources of knowledge. Anz. Initial Results of Multilevel Principal Components Analysis of Facial Shape. New perspectives on craniofacial growth. A Scottish accent is conscious of their Rs and Gs in ing, compared to the Irish accent, which t must use words softly. doi: 10.1093/ejo/18.6.549, Van Otterloo, E., Williams, T., and Artinger, K. B. Early growth genetics (EGG) consortium. Keywords: 3D imaging, admixture, ancestry, facial variation, geometric morphometrics, facial genetics, facial phenotyping, genetic-environmental influences, Citation: Richmond S, Howe LJ, Lewis S, Stergiakouli E and Zhurov A (2018) Facial Genetics: A Brief Overview. et al., 2018) with differential DNA methylation, but contrastingly there is no clear evidence for an association between prenatal alcohol exposure and DNA methylation (Sharp et al., 2018). Many of the previously discussed genetic variants associated with facial traits in GWAS reside in non-protein coding regions of the genome with unclear functional relevance. doi: 10.1111/adj.12101, Hysi, P. G., Valdes, A. M., Liu, F., Furlotte, N. A., Evans, D. M., Bataille, V., et al. Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans. 468, 959969. What does a (stereo)typical English/Welsh/Scottish/Irish person Hum. Exp. 4:eaao4364. Epigenet 2:dvw020. WebIrish Ceili Dancing. Front. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60695-4, Muggli, E., Matthews, H., Penington, A., Claes, P., OLeary, C., Forster, D., et al. 134, 751760. They tend to have red hair, freckles, lighter complexion, pronounced cheekbones, rounder face, blue eyes & green eyes. J. Craniofacial Surg. Its a Toxicol. Cha, S., Lim, J. E., Park, A. Y., Do, J. H., Lee, S. W., Shin, C., et al. Substantial heritability estimates for facial attractiveness and sexual dimorphism (0.500.70 and 0.400.50), respectively (Mitchem et al., 2014), further demonstrate the strong genetic influences on facial phenotypes. Maternal alcohol consumption and offspring DNA methylation: findings from six general population-based birth cohorts. There is some evidence to suggest that there are additive genetic effects on nose shape involving SOX9, DCHS2, CASC17, PAX1, RUNX2, and GL13 and chin shape, SOX9 and ASPM. Dental anomalies as part of the cleft spectrum. There was reduced facial convexity (SNAI1), obtuse nasolabial angles, more protrusive chins (SNAI1, IRF6, MSX1, MAFB), increased lower facial heights (SNAI1), thinner and more retrusive lips and more protrusive foreheads (ABCA4-ARHGAP29, MAFB) in the nsCL/P relatives compared to controls. BMC Genomics 19:481. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4865-9, Chaitanya, L., Breslin, K., Zuniga, S., Wirken, L., Pospiech, E., Kukla-Bartoszek, M., et al. BMJ Open 5:e009027. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. There is the potential for relationships between medical and facial conditions to be explored using genetic summary data. Nature 461, 199205. (2013). Am. Int. The prevalence of lip vermilion morphological traits in a 15-year-old population. The availability of summary statistics on large GWAS studies will also enable the application of quantitative genetics methods to further investigate the genetic architecture of facial morphology. However, there is a limited amount of evidence that epigenetic inheritance may carry over multiple generations (Schmidt and Kornfeld, 2016; Gluckman et al., 2007). (2010). The first thing guests are offered when entering an Irish persons home is a cup of tea. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176566, Lee, S. H., Fu, K. K., Hui, J. N., and Richman, J. M. (2001). A 123a, 211230. If you watched at least one episode of Father Ted, you may already have an understanding of the Irish and our affinity for this beverage. Sci. For example, there is evidence that nose shape has been under historical selection in certain climates (Weiner, 1954; Zaidi et al., 2017). Face shape of unaffected parents with cleft affected offspring: combining three-dimensional surface imaging and geometric morphometrics. The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. Sci. Howe, L. J., Sharp, G. C., Hemani, G., Zuccolo, L., Richmond, S., and Lewis, S. J. The facial processes fuse at different times; maxillary 6 weeks, upper lip 8 weeks and palate 12 weeks (ORahilly, 1972; Danescu et al., 2015). What are Typical Irish Facial Features? Am. Pharmacol. The growing number of GWAS datasets has allowed exploration of the shared genetic influences on different phenotypes (Bulik-Sullivan B. et al., 2015; Pickrell et al., 2016). Forensic Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1327, Little, A. C., Penton-Voak, I. S., Burt, D. M., and Perrett, D. I. WebLight eyes and brown and blonde hair is the most common. In addition, it is likely that one or more genes influence the whole shape of the face as well as more localized facial regions (Claes et al., 2018). Legal Med. Why are Irish Pale? Scottish vs The teeth and faces of twins: providing insights into dentofacial development and oral health for practising oral health professionals. Ecol. The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from DNA: introduction and forensic developmental validation. Indeed, the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, was reported to have had difficulties eating and speaking because of facial deformities. 106, 191200. 1), 101116. Scottish sounds very aggressive while the Irish sounds lively. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.10.001, Shaffer, J. R., Orlova, E., Lee, M. K., Leslie, E. J., Raffensperger, Z. D., Heike, C. L., et al. 122, 680690. NW is for skin with a pinkish tone, so that's most fair-skinned, typically Irish ladies. Web0:00 / 13:49 Irish & Scottish Culture Differences (With Diane Jennings) WeeScottishLass 81.2K subscribers Subscribe 4.1K 93K views 3 years ago Today a Wee Scottish Lass & Facial features can be broadly characterized in terms of the size and shape of the whole face and/or its component parts (e.g., big/small head; short/long and wide/thin face, prominent or retrusive chin). (2017). 171, 771780. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.003, Hamano, Y., Manabe, S., Morimoto, C., Fujimoto, S., and Tamaki, K. (2017). A number of Scottish people have a wavy texture to their hair. 132, 771781. The determination of facial appearance, health history and future health risk from DNA is has great potential (Claes et al., 2014; Kayser, 2015; Toom et al., 2016) but caution should be expressed with respect to assumptions, interpretation and individual confidentiality as there is a significant threat to an individual in obtaining healthcare insurance (Hallgrimsson et al., 2014; Idemyor, 2014; Toom et al., 2016). Scott, I. M., Clark, A. P., Boothroyd, L. G., and Penton-Voak, I. S. (2013). Acad. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.017, Verdonck, A., Gaethofs, M., Carels, C., and de Zegher, F. (1999). Irish Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age. Curr. This initiative has been facilitated by the availability of low-cost hi-resolution three With any change in face shape the complex processes and communications at the biological and genome levels need to be identified and explained. J. Phys. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081, Henderson, A. J., Holzleitner, I. J., Talamas, S. N., and Perrett, D. I. Facial Scottish people are an amalgamation of people of Celtic, Gael, Pict and Brython descent. J. Epidemiol. MSc thesis, Cardiff University, Cardiff. 21, 548553. Clin. Controlling the mechanisms of normal growth in vivo or alternatively in vitro creating similar morphological tissues with intact innervation, blood and lymphatic systems that could be transplanted later may become reality in the future. Dixon, M. J., Marazita, M. L., Beaty, T. H., and Murray, J. C. (2011). 15, 335346. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. Sci. Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences. 47, 928937. doi: 10.1111/joa.12365, Dawei, W., Guozheng, Q., Mingli, Z., and Farkas, L. G. (1997). Forensic Sci. Facial shape and features are the result of mutations, genetic drift, recombination and natural selection. vs doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118355, Paternoster, L., Zhurov, A. I., Toma, A. M., Kemp, J. P., Pourcain, B. S., Timpson, N. J., et al. Dent. Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. Dentofacial Orthop. Disruption in early embryological development can lead to wide-ranging effects from subtle neurologic and facial features, which includes asymmetry, to significant impact on facial shape as characterized by a CL/P or in anomalies observed in craniofacial syndromes. BMJ Open. hundreds of millions of sequences) as well as biomarkers for medical conditions generates massive and complex data sets. Eur. 115, 299320. Comparison of three-dimensional surface-imaging systems. doi: 10.1002/bies.20522, Gven, O. However, recent studies suggest that DNA has the potential to identify an individual from a small group of possible candidates (Claes et al., 2014; Biedermann et al., 2015; Kayser, 2015). Admixture in Latin America: geographic structure, phenotypic diversity and self-perception of ancestry based on 7,342 individuals. Genetic and facial phenotype data can be used to improve understanding of human history. Forensic Sci. Indeed, a previous study demonstrated that a major risk locus for non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (nsCL/P), in a non-coding interval, is involved in the regulation of gene expression in the developing murine face (Uslu et al., 2014) while another study found some evidence that nsCL/P genetic variants may influence nsCL/P risk via changes in DNA methylation and gene expression (Howe et al., 2018b). Genet. From birth to adulthood there are significant body and facial changes. 36, 373380. Common genetic and environmental factors among craniofacial traits in Belgian nuclear families: comparing skeletal and soft-tissue related phenotypes. There's also some more darker features in some people, like black hair and brown eyes. (2007). A quantitative genetic study of cephalometric variables in twins. Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins regulate outgrowth and epithelial survival during avian lip fusion. 12, 271281. (2018). Ideally facial images should be captured at birth, 5, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years of age and repeated every 10 years of age to capture facial features. (2016). Irish Facial Features Res. The Irish temperament is world-famous. (2017). Rep. 5:17788. doi: 10.1038/srep17788, Xuan, Z., Zhongpeng, Y., Yanjun, G., Jiaqi, D., Yuchi, Z., Bing, S., et al. Dentofacial Orthop. B., and Prahl-Andersen, B. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. J. Orthod. There are words each language use for their own, like wee for the Scottish and aye for the Irish. It is therefore important to use causal inference techniques such as epigenetic Mendelian randomization Relton and Davey Smith, 2012) or the Steiger test (Hemani et al., 2017) to orientate the likely directions of effect between phenotypes, epigenetic modifications and gene expression. Inside the human body, in Creation, ed. Who is the most beautiful woman in Ireland? Nat. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21208, Jelenkovic, A., Poveda, A., Susanne, C., and Rebato, E. (2010). (2008). 17, e178e180. J. Ther. 12:e1006149. Those distillation processes might not seem like a big difference, but the effect is pretty pronounced. Orthod. Surg. Given that their DNA is so close that as of October 2013 it was not yet determined which of Celt or Saxon the House of Oldenburg (Mountbatten) is, J. Orthod. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.033, Hopman, S. M., Merks, J. H., Suttie, M., Hennekam, R. C., and Hammond, P. (2014). I notice that many folks from the South and Lower Midwest (especially Kentucky, Indiana and Tennessee), where Irish and Scottish ancestry are the most The maternal environment is thought to play an important role with regards to orofacial clefts. Surg. The important link between facial variation and nsCL/P is highlighted by a study comparing facial morphologies (linked to genes) of children with nsCL/P and unaffected relatives. Further detail is required on the heritability of facial features with particular attention to inherited pathways of specific facial features in homogenous populations and populations with significant admixture. J. Hum. 1:0016. 130, 556559. A 161a, 412. - Highlighting what is known about shared facial traits, medical conditions and genes. doi: 10.1179/14653121042885, Popat, H., Richmond, S., Marshall, D., and Rosin, P. L. (2012). 9, 255266. 11, 154158. Am. (2013). Not too strongly different. The British Keltic type. And the Anglo-Saxon type. Physically speaking there's no stark contrast. Infact I've seen self 44, 270281. Heritability studies have provided insight into the possible genetic and environmental contributions to face shape. J. Hum. J. Plast. 59(Suppl. Int. Genome-wide meta-analyses of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts identify novel associations between FOXE1 and all orofacial clefts, and TP63 and cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Is anyone else able to easily spot an Irish person by facial features Int. (2017). Eur. (2014, 2018) provide efficient and valid analyses and arguably more importantly, visual linkages between genetic variants and global shape. Genet. Genetic mapping reveals ancestry between Ireland & Scotland PLoS One 11:e0162250. 137(4 Suppl):S56.e1-9; discussion S56-7. Difference Between Scottish and Irish (2012). Sci. Cleft. Genet. Review on genetic variants and maternal smoking in the etiology of oral clefts and other birth defects. (2018c). Arch. (2002). Am. Transgenerational epigenetics and brain disorders. 8:e1002932. The generated images were (2017). Almond-shaped, heavy eyes are characteristic of Cherokee Indians, a trait that is due to an extra fold in the eyelid. Int. Hum. PLoS Genet. For example, for our 2019 ethnicity estimates we knew that Scottish people typically got a lot of both Ireland & Scotland and England, Wales & Northwestern Europe in their results often almost a 50/50 split. Hum. on the growth of the face, for example, remodeling of the facial skeleton, spatial changes of the constituent parts of the facial skeleton through sutures, condylar and nasal cartilages as well as the soft tissues, neural and vascular networks. Irish Scottish PLoS One 9:e93442. Scottish tartans are a representation of a Scottish clan, and each Scottish family has their own tartan, distinguished by their surname. The authors would like to thank Dr. Ryan Arathimos (University of Bristol) for advice on a draft of the manuscript. Oral Surg. Modeling 3D facial shape from DNA. 3:e002910. Cell Dev. Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. 10, 8287. (2017). Nat. doi: 10.1126/science.1243518, Hemani, G., Tilling, K., and Smith, G. D. (2017). A spatially-dense regression study of facial form and tissue depth: towards an interactive tool for craniofacial reconstruction. Dis. LH and AZ wrote the section Environmental Influences. Nat. Features related to appearance are also often sexually dimorphic, possibly as a result of sexual and natural selection. doi: 10.1016/0002-9416(79)90274-4, Biedermann, A., Bozza, S., and Taroni, F. (2015). These are interesting answers. I am not sure if I can add anything or not, but I think there are a couple of areas that should be addressed. First, Confirming genes influencing risk to cleft lip with/without cleft palate in a case-parent trio study. doi: 10.1242/dev.135434, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P. R., et al. J. Craniomaxillofac. It is important to identify early life exposures (particularly conception to birth) that may influence later life health outcomes. J. Craniofac. (2010). Perceptions of epigenetics. Surgical procedures are not always simple as often in CL/P patients there is often insufficient tissues available (epidermis/dermis, cartilage and bone with disrupted orientation of muscle fibers). The role of enhancers modifying histones, chromatin states are key for normal range craniofacial development and relative position of the various craniofacial tissues. Its what gives Irish Whiskey its often, not always, lighter and smoother taste, while Scotch will often taste heavier and fuller. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.016, Neiswanger, K., Weinberg, S. M., Rogers, C. R., Brandon, C. A., Cooper, M. E., Bardi, K. M., et al. A genome-wide association scan in admixed Latin Americans identifies loci influencing facial and scalp hair features. There is clearly a place in forensic science to develop a robust diagnostic tool to determine age, ancestry, appearance, relatedness and sex from DNA samples. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002932, Mamluk, L., Edwards, H. B., Savovic, J., Leach, V., Jones, T., Moore, T. H. M., et al. Int. J. Epidemiol. Adv. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.05.011, Mitchem, D. G., Purkey, A. M., Grebe, N. M., Carey, G., Garver-Apgar, C. E., Bates, T. C., et al. reddit The Ceili Dances consist of quadrilles, reels, jigs and long or round dances. Armstrong, D. A., Green, B. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.10.019, Cole, J. Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_59. Development 143, 26772688. 2. PLoS Genet. Aesthetic. PLoS Comput. They tend to have red hair, freckles, lighter complexion, pronounced cheekbones, rounder face, blue eyes & green eyes. Orthod. 289, 4050. Science 343, 747751. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.01.019, Menezes, R., and Vieira, A. R. (2008). Prediction in forensic science: a critical examination of common understandings. Breast 16, 137145. Predominantly genetic influences have been reported for anterior face height, relative prominence of the maxilla and mandible, width of the face/nose, nasal root shape, naso-labial angle, allometry and centroid size (Carels et al., 2001; Carson, 2006; Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2013a,b, 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). (2016). SR and SL wrote the section Heritability. doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.193185, Cousminer, D. L., Berry, D. J, Timpson, N. J., Ang, W., Thiering, E., Byrne, E. M., et al. Mol. Curr. J. Paediatr. Phenotypic abnormalities: terminology and classification. Yes, Irish people do have J. Med. 268, 3944. (2011). Irish In brief: Gaelic in Scottish is pronounced as Gah-Lick whereas it is pronounce as Gai-Lick in Irish. 19:1192. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.110, Brinkley, J. F., Fisher, S., Harris, M. P., Holmes, G., Hooper, J. E., Jabs, E. W., et al. Genet. Previous studies have found strong evidence supporting associations between prenatal smoke exposure (Joubert et al., 2016) and folate supplementation (Richmond R.C. Genet. Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently safe levels of alcohol during pregnancy? They just released a fascinating study which aligns many pictures of individuals from every country and created composite images of what the average face would look like. Hu, N., Strobl-Mazzulla, P. H., and Bronner, M. E. (2014). The possible evolutionary advantages of facial phenotypes have been discussed extensively but anthropological hypotheses can be tested using genetic and facial phenotype data. Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have investigated the association between normal facial variation and millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? This is where the Scottish and Irish kilts differ the most, as the tartan in which the kilts are made have very different origins and meanings. Detection and interpretation of shared genetic influences on 42 human traits. Previous studies have used DNA methylation in blood as a proxy for methylation in lip and palate tissues.

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